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Part 2 The Relational Model and Languages
Part 2 of the book serves to introduce the relational model and relational languages,
namely the relational algebra and relational calculus, QBE (Query-By-Example), and SQL
(Structured Query Language). This part also examines two highly popular commercial
systems: Microsoft Office Access and Oracle.
Chapter 3 introduces the concepts behind the relational model, the most popular data
model at present, and the one most often chosen for standard business applications. After
introducing the terminology and showing the relationship with mathematical relations,
the relational integrity rules, entity integrity, and referential integrity are discussed. The
chapter concludes with an overview on views, which is expanded upon in Chapter 6.
Chapter 4 introduces the relational algebra and relational calculus with examples to illustrate
all the operations. This could be omitted for a first course in database management.
However, relational algebra is required to understand Query Processing in Chapter 21 and
fragmentation in Chapter 22 on distributed DBMSs. In addition, the comparative aspects
of the procedural algebra and the non-procedural calculus act as a useful precursor for the

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study of SQL in Chapters 5 and 6, although not essential.
Chapter 5 introduces the data manipulation statements of the SQL standard: SELECT,
INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE. The chapter is presented as a tutorial, giving a series
of worked examples that demonstrate the main concepts of these statements.
Chapter 6 covers the main data definition facilities of the SQL standard. Again, the
chapter is presented as a worked tutorial. The chapter introduces the SQL data types and
the data definition statements, the Integrity Enhancement Feature (IEF) and the more
advanced features of the data definition statements, including the access control statements
GRANT and REVOKE. It also examines views and how they can be created in SQL.
Chapter 7 is another practical chapter that examines the interactive query language,
Query-By-Example (QBE), which has acquired the reputation of being one of the easiest
ways for non-technical computer users to access information in a database. QBE is demonstrated
using Microsoft Office Access.
Chapter 8 completes the second part of the book by providing introductions to two
popular commercial relational DBMSs, namely Microsoft Office Access and Oracle.
In subsequent chapters of the book, we examine how these systems implement various
database facilities, such as security and query processing.